Thursday, May 28, 2020

Defining the enterprise role of MNCs - Free Essay Example

An MNC can be defined as a corporation or enterprise that conducts and controls productive activities in more than one country Todaro (2009). Multinational corporations can be characterised as large in size and operate worldwide and the parent company is the headquarter. As business companies try to increase their market share and maximise profit they tend to go multinational operating on a global scale because different countries vary in government rules and regulation. Companies use PEST analysis to decide which host country will be suitable depending on Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors to operate their activities. It can be argued that developing countries encourage Foreign Direct Investment to improve economic growth, increase employment opportunities and improve infrastructure ( IMF 2006). Also MNCs have the advantage to invest in foreign countries especially in the developing countries due to availability of raw materials which can be produced at a lower cost of production. Companies can be monopolies controlling the market price over their competitors imposing barrier to entries. Local people are willing to work at a low rate of pay therefore cheap labour saves companies cost. On the other hand Todaro (2009) argues that we must recognize that multinational corporations are in the development of business, their objectives is to maximise their return on capital. MNCs search out for the best profit opportunities and are unconcerned with issues such as poverty, inequality, employment conditions and environmental problems. Research released by ( UNCTAD 2009) shows us a considerable value of global corporations and the increase in FDI to the economy. FDI flows steadily grew from 2004 and peaked in 2007 in a record of $1.3 trillion as illustrated in the diagram below. Although global FDI peaked in 2000 and fell a slower growth since then until 2003 due to the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Global FDI inflows 1980-2008 by group of economies ( billion of dollars). Source: UNCTAD, 2008, p.7 Global corporations are critical to business, management and the economy. At the end of these essay the reader will be in a better position to understand major issues relating to management of MNCs, what difficulties management faces depending on cross culture, human rights including gender and equality, ethics and responsibilities, communication barrier and giving case examples of companies. GENDER AND EQUALITY Women in management in the Middle East In the diverse world we live in we all vary in culture. Culture derive from language, attitude, education, social class, value, religion, economy, manners, policies, material. Hofstede (1991). Managers understand the importance of culture and they try to adapt to various culture because it is an important issue in management. Recent research by ( Huthchings 2010) suggest that women account for only 14% of senior executive post from USA and less than 5% from Europe represent in MNCs, women from South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa are less represented as international managers regardless of their increase represented as middle and senior managers in their own country. In Adler (1994) research explains three barriers to under representation of women at Macs including foreigner prejudice, company resistance and womens own lack of interest. Foreigner prejudice Companies are unwilling to send women on international duty because of foreign prejudice against women which makes them ineffective managers. Close to three quarter of human resource managers form MNCs surveyed believed that foreigners are so prejudiced against female that women managers would not succeed on their expatriate assignment (Hutchings 2010). Companies are not able to maximise the talent of women managers, ideas and managerial skills, if given the chance on expatriate assignment eliminating foreign prejudice they can be successful. Corporate Resistance Some companies hold assumption about women as managers and their availability, appropriateness and preference for international duty. Research done by (Adler 1994) proved that men believed that women are qualified for a career in domestic position and not international positions also male colleagues perception of women and unsupportive attitude towards female by companies has led to corporate resistance reducing the number of women at senior positions in MNCs. Corporate organisations are not helping and encouraging women to achieve their goals and dreams. Organisations should advice women with career development activities, give chance for promotion to senior management position so that they can mentor and support their fellow female in the organisation. Women managers disinterest Women are disinterested in following up expatriate positions but as Hutching (2010) argues that women are interested and ready for international duty, the only difference is when children are involved then they tend to decline the international duty. Also womens perception in international duty also affects them leading to reduction of women managers representation at MNCs. Further research by Metcalfe (2007) examines barriers of Arab Middle East womens career advance and finds out that lack of diversity and equality frameworks in organisations, work family conflict and limited organisation training support. It can be argued that the Islamic law on gender order on equal rights has different philosophies and creates gendered work hierarchies which can determine mens job and womens job supporting discrimination in work places limiting women to progress with their career in business. Every MNCs want equality in gender and respect diversity in work place but such factors above af fect management, especial Human Resource management when it comes to employee recruitment. It would be fair to say MNCs have less represent women in management in the Middle East due to the barriers of perception, culture and religion. A good example would be the Coca Cola Company. Coca Cola is operating business activities for 124 years and operate in over 200 countries. The company has no senior executive women representing in Middle east. Adler (1994) theory of women perception against international duty and the research by Hutching (2010) of less than 14% senior executive post from USA supports the fact why there are less women representation. If you pay more attention or research into the Coca Cola Company website under leadership, in the Board of Directors out of 14 directors only three are women, under the Operation Group of leadership out of 9 leaders there is only one female. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES ( CSR) AND ETHICS Tesco and Trafigura CSR is the continuing commitment to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of local community and the society at large. CSR report (1999). Tesco is Britains biggest and most profitable supermarket (Corporate watch.org). In recent years the company expanded into the international market dominating the supermarket industry in Europe and Asia. Despite the growth in world market questions are raised over their CSR and ethics global sourcing in the garment industry. Tesco imports its garment and textile from some of the world poorest countries, the company does not label its cloths with the country of origin and its value brand labelled as Tesco product meaning worker are not aware who they are supplying to. It is very often that workers in the developing countries are willing to work at a low wage and poor working conditions therefore Tesco sell clothes at a cheap price, at a low cost of production and maximum saving made from low wages. Today Tesco have gained more ground aware of CSR and ethics, the company is yet to be come first zero carbon business, supports Cancer Research UK race for life and voted as CLIC Sargent charity of the year 2009. The company success is due to the improvement in management. Managers are able to deal with and understand CRS especially when dealing with developing countries because they need to be careful with cross culture and ethics. Due to poverty, people work in poor condition, accept low wages, work over time and the minimum age law is broken and parents send children under the age of fourteen to work. Managers face these task everyday to protect human rights, brand image of the company, keep the loyal customers and attract more customers because if a mistake is done it would be an advantage to the to the competitors. On the other hand Trafigura is a multinational oil trading company with bases in London, New York, Genev a and Netherlands. From 2006 the company faced court charges for the disposal of hazardous waste in Ivory Coast. The waste disposal polluted the most parts of the city Abidjan causing a wave of illness break out and death. The chemical waste damaged vegetation and polluted the environment and still causing environmental problems. Trafiguras turn over is twice the size the economy of Ivory Coast. Trafigura paid compensation but the damage caused is too much. Issued face by the companys management and all other global corporation is corruption and communication difficulties. The reason for Trafigura waste disposal was that the contractor who was supposed to properly discharge the waste safely with no harm caused, realised the cost would be expensive and opted for the cheaper option. Also there was a communication barrier in language and the style of communication used such as email was not clear enough to explain how and to what degree the the waste is discharged. CONCLUSION MNCs play a major role in the economy, research by UNCTAD (2009) revels that investment by multinational corporations in foreign markets from 2004 to 2006 contributed $ 1.3 trillion to the economy. These global corporation are important to the economy, politics and business. Gender and equality can be affected by culture and perception. As Adler (1994) argues that foreign prejudice, corporate resistance and women disinterest has led to under representation of women in work place. Due to these perception women are not able to progress with their career in business. Further research by Metcalfe (2007) indicates barriers to Arab women in the Middle East career advancement and finds out that lack of equality in organisations and Islamic law on gender and equality has different philosophies which can determine men and women job creating discrimination in work place. It would be fair to argue that culture, perception and religion has led to the under representation of women in MNCs . A good example would be Coca Cola Company. Business management abide the codes of equal right and opportunity and diversity but barriers in culture and perception leads to unequality. CSR and ethics is immodest to business and the community. It is the companies obligations to look after the environment and be corporate social responsible. Management in global corporation REFERENCES Adler, N. (1994) Competitive Frontiers: Women Managing Across Borders. Journal of Management Development. 13 (2), p. 24-41. BBC. 2009. Trafigura knew of waste dangers [online]. Available from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8259765.stm [Accessed 25th April 2010] BBC. 2006. Pepsi apoints first female boss [online]. Available from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4791137.stm Corporate watch. 2005. Off the peg: Tesco and the garment industry in Asia [online] Available from: https://www.corporatewatch.org/?lid=1825 [Accessed 18th April 2010] Curator, M, M., 2009. Womens Empowerment, Arab Style [online]. Available from: https://www.imow.org/economica/stories/viewStory?storyId=3644HYPERLINK https://www.imow.org/economica/stories/viewStory?storyId=3644 Farndale, E., Scullion, H., and Sparrow, P. (2010) The role of corporate HR function in global talent management. Journal of World Business. 45 (2), p. 161. Greenpeace. 2006. Deadly cargo dumped in the Ivory Coast [online]. Available from: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/ivory-coast-toxic-dumping [Accessed 25th April 2010] Hofstede, G. 1991. Culture and Organisations. McGraw Hill, Maidenhead. Hutchings, K., Metcalfe, B.D and Cooper, K.B. (2010) Exploring Arab Middle Eastern womens perception of barrier and facilitators of international management opportunities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 21 (1), p. 61-83. Liu, W. (2010) The Environmental Responsibilities of Multinational Corporation. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. 15 (2), p. 81-88. Mellahi, K and Collings, D. (2010) The barriers to global talent management: The example of Corporate elites in MNEs. Journal of World Business. 45 (2), p. 143. Metcalfe, B.D. (2007) Gender and Human Resource Management in the Middle East. International Journal of Human Resource Management. 18 (1), p. 54-74. Ojasalo, J. ( 2009) Risk, Cultural Theories and Global Management. The Business Review, Cambridge. 14 (1), p. 83. Todaro, P.M and Smith, C.S. (2009) Economic Development. 9th ed. Addison Wesley: Pearson Education. United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report, 2008. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Saturday, May 16, 2020

A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner - 1029 Words

Dijon Smith ENG 101 Mrs. Walker 17 June 2014 Compare and Contrast: â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story written by William Faulkner published in a national magazine in April 30, 1930. The main character of the short story is Miss Emily Grierson. Miss Emily is an old-school woman who is trapped in a society where she is forced to stay in her role. Miss Emily is a tradition woman who hangs on to her old ways and tries to break free of them. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to find† is a short story written my Flanner O’Conner published in 1955. The main characters of the story include The Grandmother who is a manipulator. When something run’s against her will, she always tries to have everything go her way. The other main character if The Misfit who escaped from the federal penitentiary, and cannot grasp the concept of why he is being punished for what he did. These two stories have different themes, â€Å"A rose for Emilyâ₠¬  conveys isolation, and memory of the past. While â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† conveys religion, grace, and good versus evil. Although, the stories differ in themes there is one theme the stories share which is death. One of the themes of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the sustained struggle between the past and present. Miss Emily is a traditional woman she steadily stayed the same despite the changes around her in the community. Emily believed in the importance of hereditary, which she learned significantly from her father.Show MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 PagesJune 24, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† it is clear how Emily’s gender affects how the individuals in the town perceive her. Emily’s gender particularly affects how men understand her. Throughout the whole piece Emily is seen as a helpless individual who is lonely and has suffered losses throughout her life. When the reader reaches the end of the story the actions that Emily has taken is unexpected because of the way she is perceived by the narrator. In the beginning of the story, when the wholeRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Sarah Markins Dr. Bibby ENG 107 February 11, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner in 1931, follows a series of peculiar events in Miss Emily Griersons life. Written in third person limited, Faulkner utilizes flashbacks to tell of the period between the death of Emily’s father and her own passing. Split into five short sections, the story starts out with the townspeople of Jefferson remembering Emily’s legacy and how each new generation ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1552 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Dunn Mrs. Williams English 11 March 11, 2016 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the reader is given a glimpse of the internal conflict of the main character, living in the past, and the involvement of an over involved society causing the reader to look into the consciousness of an individual haunted by a past and lack of a future. The story is set in a post-Civil War town in the South. He is able to give the reader a glimpse of the practices and attitudes that had unitedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pages1897, William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national m agazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily GriersonRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner883 Words   |  4 PagesIn the timeless classic, â€Å"A rose for Emily† by William Faulkner we are introduced to Emily Grierson, a matured sheltered southern woman; born to a proud, aristocratic family presumably during the American Civil War. Through out the short story William Faulkner uses many literary devices such as symbolism, metaphors and allegory to play with â€Å"time† and how time reflects upon his main character Emily Grierson. Emily being one who denies the ability to see time for what it is linear and unchangeableRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1930, William Faulkner wrote a five-part story entitled â€Å"A Rose for Emily† that follows the life of a young woman named Miss Emily Grierson. Faulkner sets his story in the Old South, soon after the ending of America’s Civil War, and represents the decaying values of the Confederacy (Kirszner Mandell, 2013a, p. 244). One of these values which the text portrays quite often in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is the patriarchal custom of society viewing men as having more importance than their female counterpartsRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1277 Words   |  6 PagesMiss Emily Grierson, the main character in the strange short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. It would be best to examine her in a mental capacity as well as the circumstances that may affect her. Throughout the story, Miss Emily’s unpredictable and eccentric behavior becomes unusual, and the reader, like the townspeople in the story, is left to speculate how Miss Emily has spent years living and sleeping with the body of Homer Barron. An important quote from the story was that

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Why Companies Expand Beyond Their Own Borders Essay

There are many reasons why firms expand beyond their own borders and attempt to gain success on a global scale. A key reason is the ability to diversify its risk. Much like the old adage â€Å"don’t put all your eggs in one basket†, the firms attempting to gain success internationally are following the same belief. They are simply trying to spread their risk amongst many different countries rather than depending on one country’s operational capabilities. Another reason is to gain access to achieve lower costs that it cannot get in its home market, which in turn increases its competiveness. An example of this is cheap labor, countries such as India and many Latin American offer cheap labor compared to the wages of American workers, so firms will expand into these markets to take advantage of this valuable resource (and save money in the process). Besides cheap labor, firms will move into international markets to gain access to resources that it cannot obtain in i ts home market. For example, if iron is a key input in the manufacturing of steel and it costs more to import this resource than to relocate to a country like India where iron is more plentiful; then it would make sense to relocate and take advantage of these resources than to continue to import them at a higher cost. A fourth reason that firms compete in international markets is to gain advantage of its core competencies in foreign markets. For example, Netflix has had a great deal of success in America but has alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nations Should Promote Localization, Not Globalization1278 Words   |  6 Pagescommunications are not limited by national borders, would be a good explanation for this. Maybe the tourist didn’t want to be reminded of these typical American things, perhaps they wanted to escape and be completely immersed into a place and culture untouched by these foreign influences. For that, then maybe he or she would have been better off by going to a place where they practiced the policy of Localization (or Fragmentation), where countries chose to stick to their own styles of economic policies, takeRead MoreThe Five Forces Model of Competition894 Words   |  4 Pagesmachines, printing machines and laminators. 2. Competitive pressure steaming from buyer bargaining power: On the buyer side of PV manufacturers, there were many potential customers. For example, consumer electronics, automotive and industrial product companies integrated solar cells into their products for resale. For example, garden lamps and marine buoys. 3. Competitive pressure coming from the threat of entry of new rivals: Threat of entry was in a low rate because of not having enough capital investmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s It s A Small World Ride Perfectly Exemplifies The Ideal Of Globalization Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Walt Disney Company portrays on its website: a peaceful, hopeful, interconnected world filled with people whose everyday experiences are enriched by their interactions with those from cultures and countries beyond their own. â€Å"While â€Å"it’s a small world† is a common theme in discussions of globalization, it also represents a core philosophy of the Walt Disney Company in its quest to constantly expand the Disney universe† (Wasko 63). 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Though, the poor people will suffer of various deprivations, wealthy people willRead MoreThe Global Economy Has Become More Competitive And Ambitious1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe global economy h as become more competitive and ambitious as companies of all extent pursue to bolster and broaden beyond domestic borders. The Internet and knowledge technology are among circumstance that have made it achievable for smaller firms to endeavour toward foreign markets. Before making an international move, though, it is of benefit to figure out commonplace reasoning companies infiltrate the international business field. Sodden Domestic Corporation leaves limited opportunities forRead MoreBlue Water Spring Final Project Essay2822 Words   |  12 PagesMountain Spring Water will increase our customer base and expand our distribution by reaching beyond the borders of Pennsylvania. We plan to start selling our product in the state of Florida, Georgia and other southern states by the end of this fiscal year. Our revenues over the past five years have provided us with a significant portion of the amount we need to expand our production facility to accomplish this task. As with any company we are always trying to improve our product and develop new

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Science of Consumer Behaviour Healthy Items

Question: Write about theScience of Consumer Behaviour for Healthy Items. Answer: According to the research article, Healthy-Left, Unhealthy-Right: Can Displaying Healthy Items to the Left (versus Right) of Unhealthy Items Nudge Healthier Choices? by Romero and Biswas (2016) aims to demonstrate that the healthier items on the left are highly preferable by the customers. The data was collected after conducting seven studies in which different variables such as display positions, lateral display, organization of items, left-side bias effects, gaze starting point and consumption volume are assessed. The results indicate that there is greater preference for healthy items than unhealthy items on the menu. Further, there is higher preference for healthy items when it was on the left side. Romero and Biswas (2016) found that healthy option is mentally represented to the left of unhealthy option. The study indicates that alphabetical order of the menu does not affect customer preferences. The customers have high preference for unhealthy items when they are placed on the left side. Further, it was found that customers prefer healthy item if the display image was placed on left side of the screen. However, the results indicate that customer preference was unaffected if unhealthy item was placed on left versus at the centre. The healthy beverages had higher consumption when placed on the left. The above results can be applied to McDonalds as it offers a range of healthy and unhealthy food choices. It is recommended that they must redesign the menu and have a combination of healthy and neutral food choices. Graphic images of food items that have low calorie can be used on the left side. The fried items such as French fries and other food offering with higher calorie such as Cheesy Grilled Chicken can be put to the centre or on the right side of the healthy food range. The healthy beverage like smoothies, fruit juice on the left rather than the right. Instead, the sweetened beverages and dessert must be put on the right side of the menu. McDonalds offers a range of desserts in which the low calorie dessert such as fruit n yogurt parfait on the left side of the dessert section. Lastly, the food items can be named using phrases like Fresh, Healthy, and Nutritional as it would impact sales. References Johns, N., Edwards, J., Hartwell, H. (2013). Menu Choice: Satisfaction or Overload?.Journal Of Culinary Science Technology,11(3), 275-285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2013.798564 Liu, P., Wisdom, J., Roberto, C., Liu, L., Ubel, P. (2013). Using Behavioral Economics to Design More Effective Food Policies to Address Obesity.Applied Economic Perspectives And Policy,36(1), 6-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppt027 Romero, M., Biswas, D. (2016). Healthy-Left, Unhealthy-Right: Can Displaying Healthy Items to the Left (versus Right) of Unhealthy Items Nudge Healthier Choices?.Journal Of Consumer Research,43(1), 103-112. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw008 Thomas, E. (2015). Food for thought: obstacles to menu labelling in restaurants and cafeterias.Public Health Nutrition,19(12), 2185-2189. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002256